超声波提取梵净山石斛多糖工艺的优化

优化超声波提取梵净山石斛(Dendrobium fanjingshanense)多糖的最佳工艺条件,可为梵净山石斛多糖的开发应用提供参考。以梵净山石斛为原料,考察料液比(g∶m L)、提取温度、提取时间对梵净山石斛多糖提取率的影响,并采用正交试验对梵净山石斛多糖提取工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,各因素对梵净山石斛多糖提取率的影响顺序为料液比提取时间提取温度。最佳提取工艺为料液比为1∶35,提取温度为60℃,提取时间为40 min。在最佳工艺条件下,超声波对梵净山石斛多糖的提取率为9.83%。     

抗寒丹参机理及物质基础研究

[目的]研究抗寒丹参机理及物质基础.[方法]以抗寒丹参和普通丹参为材料,采用大田栽培试验,利用KMnO4标准溶液滴定法测过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、愈创木酚法测POD活性、NBT还原法测SOD活性、紫外分光光度法测定可溶性多糖含量,研究抗寒丹参和普通丹参形态、叶片和根茎的抗氧化酶活性和可溶性多糖含量的差异,探讨抗寒丹参机理及物质基础.[结果]在形态上,抗寒丹参叶片浓绿而厚实,受冻害地上部分不枯萎;普通丹参叶片翠绿而薄,受到冷害时地上部分枯萎.抗寒丹参叶片内的SOD、CAT酶活性显著高于普通丹参叶片,而POD酶活性则两者相差甚微;抗寒丹参根及根茎中POD、CAT酶活性显著高于普通丹参根茎,SOD酶活性略低于普通丹参;抗寒丹参叶片可溶性糖含量均高于普通丹参叶片.[结论]该研究为培育出具有优良抗寒能力的丹参提供了理论依据.     

酸橙活性成分及其生理功效的研究进展

酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.)是可用于保健食品的柑橘属植物,其所含生物活性成分以黄酮类、生物碱类和挥发油类化合物为主.目前,酸橙以加工中药材枳壳和枳实为主,而在食品资源开发方面极为有限.综述了酸橙果实中活性成分的化学组成对大鼠等动物以及人的胃肠道、心血管系统和中枢神经系统的调节作用,及其抗肥胖、抗氧化和抗癌活性,旨在为酸橙的功能食品开发提供理论依据.     

红酵母RS1的高耐铝能力与增厚的细胞壁有关而不来自体外铝离子的螯合作用

Aluminum (Al) is very toxic to many living organisms, including plants, animals and microorganisms. However, despite many studies on Al tolerance in plants, little has been reported concerning these mechanisms in microorganisms. In this study, a red yeast, which could tolerate Al 3+ concentrations as high as 200 mmol L-1 , was isolated from acidic soils, identified as Rhodotorula sp. and designated as RS1. As the medium compositions can greatly affect the responses of microorganisms to Al, two culture mediums, glucose medium (GM) and lysogeny broth medium containing soil extract (S-LBM), were used. During growth of RS1, the pH of medium decreased in GM but increased in S-LBM. These changes in the pH of the media were not induced by Al addition. No or little secretion of organic acids was observed in RS1 growth media. Importantly, the thickness of the cell walls and the ratio of cell wall to biomass of RS1 significantly increased in GM with high Al 3+ concentrations. In the presence of 100 mmol Al L-1 , 78.0% of the total Al of whole cells was present in the thickened cell walls. The Al in cell walls was mostly bound to OH, amide and CO groups of polysaccharides. These results suggest that thickening of the cell wall in response to the high Al 3+ concentrations may play an important role in the high tolerance of RS1 to Al and that pH increase of the medium and chelation of Al ions are not involved in Al tolerance of this organism.     

Saccharides of ectomycorrhizal fungal sclerotia as sources of forest soil polysaccharides

ABSTRACT

The neutral monosaccharide composition of forest soils differs from that of non-forest soils suggesting there is an accumulation of microbial saccharides. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can be responsible as the fungi are typical in forest soils. We investigated neutral saccharides of ECM fungal sclerotia to determine what part it might play in the origin of forest soil polysaccarides. Sclerotial grain (SG) was collected from the O, A1 and A2 horizons of a soil of subalpine forest of Mt. Ontake, central Japan. Neutral saccharides in soil and SG were analyzed by two step hydrolysis with sulfuric acid and gas-chromatography of alditol acetate derivatives. Saccharides accounted for 6.0?16% of the SG by carbon content. The SG contained predominantly easily hydrolysable (EH)-glucose, which accounted for 75–85% of the composition depending on grain size and the soil horizon, followed by mannose (7.7?15%), galactose (2.2?4.8%) and non-easily hydrolysable (NEH)-glucose (1.7?6.1%). The SG contained all of these sugars irrespective of its size. The SG collected from the A1 and A2 horizons contained all sugar components found in that from the O horizon, except for fucose in that from A2 horizon. The monosaccharide composition of SG indicates that accumulation of ECM fungal sclerotial polysaccharides might have been responsible for enlarging the molar ratios of (galactose + mannose) /(arabinose + xylose) and EH-glucose/NEH-glucose of forest soils. The proportions of SG saccharides relative to soil saccharides were 3.6, 1.2, and 0.83% for the O, A1 and A2 horizons, respectively. These levels of the proportion are considerable as ECM fugal sclerotia are the products of a limited species among hundreds and thousands of microbial species inhabiting forest soils. The sclerotia forming ECM fungal species such as Cenococcum geophilum may be key sources of forest soil polysaccharides.     

海藻多糖对肉鸡生长性能影响的研究

在肉鸡饲粮中添加1.5 %海藻多糖 ,对山东地方特色保种白羽鸡进行饲养试验 ,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS)PAGE技术分析血液中脂酶(EST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、蛋白质的多态。结果表明 ,处理组90Ku蛋白亚基组分表达程度显著增强。EST同工酶快区Es -1位点 ,由多等位基因控制 ,酶带着色程度显著减弱 ,其活性下降42.7 %。LDH同工酶出现3条酶谱带 ,酶带着色的程度明显增强 ,其活性增加3倍。此外 ,添加组的饲料利用率、增重及生长性能明显提高 ,提示海藻多糖直接或间接调控基因表达水平 ,与生长性状呈正相关。     

Effect of astragalus polysaccharides on expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in annulus fibrosus of cervical intervertebral discs from cervical spondylosis model rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of astragalus polysaccharides (AP) on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 in the annulus fibrosus of cervical intervertebral discs from cervical spondylosis model rats. METHODS: The model rats were randomly divided into model group (M group), and low-dose and high-dose AP treatment groups (L-AP and H-AP groups). The rats in sham operation group were used as negative control group (NC group). In addition, all the annulus fibrosus tissues were used for primary cell culture. Histological analysis was performed using HE staining and Safranin O staining. The expression of MMP2, MMP9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) and collagen Ⅳ at mRNA and protein levels was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-qPCR. Cell-collagen adhesion assay was used to detect annulus fibrosus cell-collagen adhesion. RESULTS: The intervertebral discs of M group were degenerated, while astragalus polysaccharide improved the degenerative disc disease in the rats with cervical spondylosis. Compared with NC group, the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the annulus fibrosus tissues of M group increased significantly, while the expression of TIMP2 and collagen Ⅳ was decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with M group, the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in L-AP group and H-AP group was significantly decreased, while the expression of TIMP2 and collagen Ⅳ was significantly increased (P<0.05). The cell-collagen adhesion in M group was significantly lower than that in NC group (P<0.05). Compared with M group, the cell-collagen adhesion in L-AP group and H-AP group was increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with NC group, the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in annulus fibrosus cells of M group was increased significantly, while the expression of TIMP2 and collagen Ⅳ was decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with M group, the expression levels of MMP2 and MMP9 in L-AP group and H-AP group of fibrocytes were significantly decreased, while the expression of TIMP2 and collagen Ⅳ was significantly increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Astragalus polysaccharides inhibit the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the annulus fibrosus of cervical intervertebral discs from cervical spondylosis model rats and regulate the dynamic balance of MMPs and TIMPs in the extracellular matrix, thus inhibiting the degradation of collagen in the intervertebral disc matrix and having the potential research value for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration.     

Biochemical proximates of pumpkin (Cucurbitaeae spp.) and their beneficial effects on the general well‐being of poultry species

There is a growing need to increase productivity in poultry. Growth hormones and antibiotics have the ability to improve health, weight gain and feed efficiency in meat‐producing animals. The growth‐promoting antibiotics are administered to poultry to improve the general performance of the chicken. However, the use of the xenobiotic drugs in food‐producing animals has been a concern and a sensitive issue of debate for several decades in the EU and many other regional blocks of the world. Consequently, the use of hormones in animal production has been banned in Italy, Denmark and Germany for over 4–5 decades, while Belgium and Greece had never permitted its use for livestock fattening purposes. Bioactive phytochemicals exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antifungal and anti‐inflammatory properties and consequently have several beneficial effects on appetite, growth and the immune status of the animal. In South Africa, different species of pumpkin are produced for food due to their high nutrient content. The flesh serves as a traditional food, while the seeds and peels are commonly discarded. Pumpkin seed extract is reported to be useful for immunomodulation, reproductive health, therapeutics over a wide range of disease conditions and stimulates metabolism of accumulated fats. Studies have also shown that pumpkin seeds are a valuable source of protein and fat. Their complexity and extent of bioactivity offers sustainable prospects for natural control of pathogenic/parasitic organisms, stimulate nutrition or enhance resistance to disease infections, and reduce abdominal fat and serum levels of harmful lipids, while increasing serum levels of beneficial lipids.     

Processing traits and digestibility of extruded dog foods with soy protein concentrate

Soya bean protein concentrate (SPC) with two particle sizes were evaluated on extrusion parameters, kibble formation, digestibility and palatability of dog foods. Eight diets were extruded: PBM—control diet based on poultry by‐product meal (PBM); GM—a diet in which corn gluten meal (GM) replaced 45% of the diet protein; cSPC15%, cSPC30% and cSPC45%—diets in which SPC of coarse particle size (600 μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein; and sSPC15%, sSPC30% and sSPC45%—diets in which SPC of small particle size (200 μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein. The digestibility of nutrients was evaluated for the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, using six dogs per food. The PBM, GM and cSPC45% diets were compared for palatability. Data were submitted for analysis of variance, and the means were compared by polynomial contrasts or Tukey's test (p < .05). The cSPC increased the specific mechanical energy (SME) application, extrusion temperature and pressure linearly, resulting in lower kibble density and higher expansion and starch gelatinization (SG) (p < .01). When comparing the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, higher SME, extrusion temperature and pressure, SG and kibble expansion were verified for the cSPC45% diet (p < .05). The DM, fat and crude protein digestibility were similar among diets. Faecal pH, ammonia and lactate did not differ, demonstrating that the removal of oligosaccharides and soluble non‐starch polysaccharides of SPC produces an ingredient with mostly non‐fermentable fibre. Dogs preferred the PBM to the GM diet (p < .05), but consumed the PBM and cSPC45% foods equally. In conclusion, SPC exhibited good extrusion functionality, favouring kibble expansion and SG, with high digestibility, similar to that of PBM. The removal of soluble compounds from soya beans resulted in an ingredient with low fermentable fibre content, which did not alter faecal formation or characteristics.     

牛膝多糖对断奶仔猪抗菌肽Protegrin-1 Mrna表达的影响

本文旨在探讨牛膝多糖(ABPS)对断奶仔猪抗菌肽Protegrin-1(PG-1)mRNA表达的影响。试验采用单因子设计,按照日粮处理因素不同,设对照组、抗生素组、0.05%、0.10%和0.15%牛膝多糖组,共5个处理。选用28日龄杜长大仔猪160头,随机分入5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各半)。采用半定量RT-PCR法,以18SrRNA为内标,检测PG-1mRNA相对表达量。结果表明:日粮中添加牛膝多糖均不同程度地促进断奶仔猪骨髓抗菌肽PG-1mRNA的表达。与对照组相比,0.05%、0.10%和0.15%牛膝多糖组分别使断奶仔猪PG-1mRNA的相对表达量增加14.9%(P>0.05)、36.4%(P<0.05)和7.3%(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,其PG-1mRNA的相对表达量分别增加7.8%(P>0.05)、27.9%(P>0.05)和19.4%(P>0.05)。即牛膝多糖能显著促进断奶仔猪骨髓抗菌肽PG-1mRNA表达,且日粮中以0.10%添加量为适宜。